Endoscopic implant system and method

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a system for endoscopically implanting a medical implant within a body cavity such as a human stomach. The system includes one or more anchors positionable within one or more openings formed in tissue within the body cavity, such as cutouts formed in plicated body tissue. Tools are disclosed for positioning the anchors within the openings, and for coupling the implant to the anchors.

PRIORITY

This is application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/950,584, filed Jul. 18, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/042,862, filed Apr. 7, 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of systems for use in endoscopically implanting devices within the gastrointestinal system.

BACKGROUND

An anatomical view of a human stomach S and associated features is shown in FIG. 1. The esophagus E delivers food from the mouth to the proximal portion of the stomach S. The z-line or gastro-esophageal junction Z is the irregularly-shaped border between the thin tissue of the esophagus and the thicker tissue of the stomach wall. The gastro-esophageal junction region G is the region encompassing the distal portion of the esophagus E, the z-line, and the proximal portion of the stomach S.

Stomach S includes a fundus F at its proximal end and an antrum A at its distal end. Antrum A feeds into the pylorus P which attaches to the duodenum D, the proximal region of the small intestine. Within the pylorus P is a sphincter that prevents backflow of food from the duodenum D into the stomach. The middle region of the small intestine, positioned distally of the duodenum D, is the jejunum J.

Several prior applications, including U.S. Publication No. US 2007/0276432 having a priority date of Oct. 8, 2004 and U.S. Publication No. US 2008/0065122, filed May 23, 2006 describe methods according to which medical implants are coupled to tissue structures, such as plications or folds, formed within the stomach. Examples of methods and devices for forming such tissue structures are described in U.S. Publication No. US 2007/0219571 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC PLICATION DEVICES AND METHOD), filed Oct. 3, 2006, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/900,757 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC PLICATION DEVICE AND METHOD), filed Sep. 13, 2007, and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,169 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC STAPLING DEVICES AND METHODS), filed Mar. 18, 2008. Each of the referenced publications and applications is incorporated herein by reference.

As disclosed in these prior applications, more robust and long lasting coupling between the implant and the surrounding stomach wall tissue is achieved when the plications/folds are formed by retaining regions of serosal tissue (i.e., the tissue on the exterior surface of the stomach) in contact with one another. Over time, adhesions form between the opposed serosal layers. These adhesions help to create strong bonds that can facilitate retention of the plication/fold over extended durations, despite the forces imparted on them by stomach movement and implanted devices

Several of the disclosed methods for forming tissue plications include a step in which a hole or cut is formed in the plication, using the plication device or other devices. An example of this type of plication is shown in FIG. 2A. This application discloses a system for attaching a medical implant to cutouts of this type, or to other types of openings in the plications (e.g., cuts, slits, perforations, tissue tunnels, etc.).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a human stomach and a portion of the small intestine.

FIG. 2A is a partial section of a stomach wall showing a stomach wall plication having an opening formed in it.

FIG. 2B is a cross-section view taken along the plane designated 2B-2B in FIG. 1, and illustrating five plications formed in a gastro-esophageal junction region of the stomach.

FIG. 3 shows an endoscopic implant system.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the anchor of the implant system of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the anchor of FIG. 4A, showing the head separated from the stem.

FIGS. 5-7 are partial section views of a human stomach schematically illustrating the anchor of FIG. 4A positioned in an opening in a stomach wall plication.

FIG. 8A is a perspective view of an anchor hand-off tool.

FIGS. 8B and 8C are perspective views showing the anchor coupled to the anchor hand-off tool.

FIG. 9A is a side elevation view of an anchor grasper in the open position.

FIG. 9B shows the distal end of the anchor grasper of FIG. 9A in the closed position.

FIG. 10A is a top plan view of the anchor grasper of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10B is a cross-section view taken along the plane designated 10B-10B in FIG. 10A.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are side elevation views of the distal end of an alternative anchor grasper.

FIG. 12A shows a top perspective view of a first embodiment of a restrictor.

FIG. 12B shows a side perspective view of a second embodiment of a restrictor.

FIG. 12C shows a top perspective view of a third embodiment of a restrictor.

FIG. 13 shows a top perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a restrictor.

FIG. 14A shows a side perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a restrictor.

FIG. 14B is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 14A, showing only the rib structure.

FIG. 15A is a side elevation view of a restrictor guide.

FIG. 15B is a cross-section view of the restrictor guide taken along the plane designated 15B-15B in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16A is a perspective view of the distal portion of the restrictor guide, showing the mount in the open configuration.

FIG. 16B is similar to FIG. 16A and shows the mount in the closed configuration.

FIG. 16C is a cross-section view of the mount in the open configuration.

FIG. 17A is a perspective view of a restrictor, showing the restrictor positioned on the restrictor guide, with the mount in the open configuration.

FIG. 17B is similar to FIG. 17A but shows the mount in the closed configuration.

FIG. 17C is a perspective showing the interior of a restrictor positioned on the restrictor guide.

FIG. 18A is a perspective view showing the proximal end of the restrictor guide.

FIG. 18B is a perspective view showing the distal portion of the multi-lumen portion of the restrictor guide.

FIGS. 19A and 19B schematically illustrate elements of the system positioned in the stomach in preparation for transferring an anchor from an anchor hand-off to the anchor grasper that will then draw the anchor through the opening in the plication.

FIGS. 20A-20F schematically illustrate transfer of the anchor from the anchor hand-off to the anchor grasper within the stomach.

FIGS. 21A and 21B are perspective views showing the anchor grasper engaging different portions of the anchor head.

FIGS. 22A-22C schematically illustrate a plurality of anchors that have been placed in plications in the stomach, together with elements of the disclosed system.

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of the proximal end of the endogastric tube, showing use of the tool organizer.

FIG. 24A is a perspective view of a restrictor being advanced onto proximal ends of a collection of anchor graspers.

FIG. 24B is a perspective view similar to FIG. 24A showing the restrictor advanced further along the anchor graspers.

FIG. 25A is a schematic illustration showing the downstream side of a restrictor within the stomach, anchored to plications using anchors.

FIG. 25B is a schematic illustration showing the upstream side of a restrictor within the stomach, anchored to plications using anchors.

FIGS. 26A-26D schematically illustrate use of the plicator for forming tissue plications and for forming holes in the plicated tissue.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-section view of the stomach, looking distally into the stomach interior. In this view, five tissue plications P having openings such as cutouts C are shown to have been formed in the stomach wall tissue. This view would seem to illustrate clear access via the esophagus to the plications and cutouts using endoscopic instruments. However, the natural undulations and folds of the actual stomach tissue, and the constant movement of the stomach, limit the visibility of the cutouts and even the plications themselves, rendering it difficult to endoscopically access the cutouts in an actual human subject. The disclosed system facilitates access to the cutouts, and provides for an efficient method for coupling an implant to the cutouts.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of an endoscopic implant system 10 that may be used for this purpose. In general, system 10 includes multiple anchors 12 (one shown) that are implanted in the cutouts and an implant 14 to be coupled to the anchors 12. The implant can be any type of implant to be anchored within the stomach. In the disclosed embodiment, the implant is a restrictor 14 designed to slow the rate at which food can enter the stomach from the esophagus.

An anchor hand-off 16 delivers the anchors into the stomach, and anchor graspers 18 (one shown) are used to position the anchors within the tissue openings and also to guide the restrictor 14 to the implanted anchors. A restrictor guide 20 is provided for advancing the restrictor into position in the stomach. An endogastric overtube 22 is provided for establishing a working channel between the mouth and the stomach. Other tools shown elsewhere in the drawings, such as a multi-lumen guide 24 (FIG. 19A), articulated guides 25 (FIG. 19A), and one or more endoscopes 26 (FIG. 19A) are additionally provided.

Anchor

One embodiment of an anchor 12 is shown in FIG. 4. A preferred anchor will pass though the opening C in the plication cutout with relative ease and minimal tissue trauma, but will resist pulling out of the opening in the cutout when subjected to the stresses imparted to it by the restrictor. Moreover, a preferred anchor will minimize the stress and strain on the stomach wall and distribute a given stress as evenly as possible so as to prevent the stomach's natural defense from engaging in an attempt to eliminate the anchors and restrictor.

Referring to FIG. 4A, the general features of the anchor 12 include a base 28, a stem 30, and a head 32. The anchor is formed using materials that are durable within the stomach environment. In one embodiment, the head 32 is molded out of a higher durometer compliant material (such as 50 shore A durometer Silicone) while the stem 30 and base 28 are molded out of a softer compliant material (such as 5 shore A durometer Silicone). Since the loading on the anchor from the restrictor implant can be seen as shear against the edges of the opening in the plication, the stem 30 is formed to have a relatively large diameter (2 mm-8 mm) to minimize stress and abrasion on the stomach wall tissue inside the opening. The edges of the anchor are molded with generous fillet radii to minimize abrasion of stomach wall tissue.

Head 32 includes a ring 34 and a plurality of struts 36 coupling the ring 34 to the stem 30, and an elongate loop 38 extending from the ring 34. The anchor is elastically deformable to an elongated shape (see FIGS. 20D and 20E) in response to application of tension to the ring 34 or loop 38 (collectively referred to as the “rim”). This allows the anchor to be drawn into a streamlined shape so that it can be drawn through the opening in the plication and also through an opening in the restrictor. When the anchor is pulled from the rim, its shape lengthens and slims down to fit through a much smaller hole. For example in one embodiment, in its natural state the anchor has an outer head diameter of approximately 0.600 inch (15 mm), but in its streamlined orientation it can fit through a plication opening of 0.200 inch (5 mm). However, once implanted, the anchor's shape resists pull-out force to a higher degree since the rim is not being pulled and lengthened directly. Also in this embodiment, the base is designed so it will not pull through the hole and may have an outer diameter of approximately 1 inch (25.4 mm)

Referring to the top view of the anchor 12 shown in FIG. 5, when an anchor is implanted in a plication opening, the anchor's proximity to the wall of the stomach with its enveloping rugae can make it difficult to find and grab onto the anchor when it is time to couple the restrictor implant to the anchors. The head 32 is shaped to have an undulating profile to enhance its visibility and accessibility when the anchor is positioned in a plication opening. The undulation of the head forces several of the elements of the head away from the wall to make them more visible and also to allow a grasping tool to latch onto one of those elements without also grabbing adjacent tissue.

Referring to FIG. 6, the base 28 is preferably formed to have an asymmetrical shape. In the illustrated example, one edge 40 of the base is formed to have a flatter curvature than that of the other edge 42 of the base. When implanted, the anchor self-orients to position the flatter edge 40 against the adjacent stomach wall as shown. Since the loop 38 of the head extends in a direction opposite to the side of the anchor on which the flatter edge 40 is position, this self-alignment causes the loop 38 to extend towards the center of the stomach as shown in FIG. 7. This makes it easier to find segments of the anchor head amongst the folds of the stomach which can envelope other segments.

Referring again to FIG. 6, the base 28 preferably includes a relatively large surface area (e.g., approximately 1 square inch) so as to distribute the stress of holding the restrictive implant in place over a large percentage of the surface area of the tissue plication. Reinforcing ribs 44 may be positioned on the underside of the base, radiating from the stem to the edges of the base, to facilitate distribution of stress while minimizing the overall weight of the base.

Anchor Hand-Off Tool

Anchor hand-off 16 is an instrument used to deliver individual anchors to the implantation site, and to hand-off each anchor to an anchor grasper which pulls the anchor through an opening in a plication.

Referring to FIG. 8A, one embodiment of an anchor hand-off 18 includes a torqueable elongate shaft 46 having a wire element 48 extending from its distal end and attachable to an anchor.

In one embodiment, the anchor hand-off 16 has a horseshoe shaped form with an opening 45 that narrows to form a constriction 47. The stretchable nature of the anchor stem 30 allows it to be squeezed through the constriction 47 and thus held in place by friction. See FIGS. 8B-8D. Upon pulling on the head portion 32 by the anchor grasper, 18, the stem 30 elongates and passes out of the horseshoe shaped constriction.

Shaft 46 is slidably disposed in an articulating guide 49 that will articulate in response to actuation using pull wires or other means known to those skilled in the art. The articulating guide 26 may be one with video capability, for example it might be an articulating endoscope. In one embodiment, wire element 48 is detachable from the shaft 46 of the anchor hand-off 16 to allow shaft 48 to pass through a small diameter tool channel in the articulating guide 26. Once the distal end of the shaft 46 reaches the distal end of the guide 26, the wire element 48 is coupled to the shaft 46.

Furthermore, the anchor hand-off tool 16 may be designed to hold the anchor behind (or axially off-set from) the distal tip of the articulating guide 26 with video capability. This facilitates greater visibility at the target site/plication by positioning the held anchor out of the endoscope's field of view as shown in FIGS. 8C and 8D. To perform the actual hand-off of the anchor 12, the user can extend and torque the hand-off tool 16 to position at least a portion of the anchor head 32 within the field of view.

Anchor Grasper Tool

Anchor grasper 18 is designed to couple to or engage a portion of the head 32 of an anchor 12. It is used to pull the anchor 12 through an opening in a plication, and to pull the anchor through a corresponding opening in a restrictor that is to be implanted. The anchor grasper 18 may have a variety of designs that allow these functions to be carried out. One such design is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B an employs a coupling/grasping element 50 that takes the form of a hook 52 having a gate 54 that closes against the opening in the hook 52. The hook and gate are naturally biased in the open position shown in FIG. 9A.

A closure tube 56 is longitudinally slidable over the hook and gate to lock them in the closed position, thus preventing them from separating. The collar and associated features are proportioned to ensure that when the grasping element 50 is to be locked, bending of the shaft of the anchor grasper 18 does not cause the closure tube 56 to slide into a position that will release the grasping element 50 from the locked position.

Referring to FIG. 10B, the closure tube 56 is mounted to a torqueable element 58 (preferably a coil), which in turn is coupled to outer tubing 60. An L-shaped slot 62 is formed in the outer tubing 60. As best shown in FIG. 10A, slot 62 includes a longitudinal segment 63 a and a partially circumferential segment 63 b.

Hypotube 64 is slidably and rotatably disposed within outer tubing 60, and includes a pin 66 disposed within the slot 62. Hypotube 64 is mounted to a tapered handle 68. A cable 70 has a distal end coupled to the grasping element 50 and a proximal end mounted to the handle 68.

To close and lock the grasping element, the outer tube 60 is advanced distally relative to the handle 68. Advancement of the outer tube 60 pushes the coil 58 and thus the closure tube 56 in a distal position until the closure tube 56 moves the grasping element 50 to the closed position shown in FIG. 9B. As the outer tube 60 moves distally, longitudinal segment 63 a of the slot 62 slides over pin 66. The outer tube 60 is then rotated to cause positioning of pin 66 within the circumferential segment 63 b of the slot 62, and to thereby lock the outer tube 60 in the distal position. To unlock the grasper element 50, the outer tube 60 is rotated in the opposite direction to release the pin 66 from the circumferential segment 63 b. Since the closure tube is no longer locked in the distal position, the grasping element 50 moves to the open position due to its natural bias, thereby pushing the outer tube 60 in a proximal direction.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show an alternative grasper element 50 a which is moved between open and closed positions using a system 72 of linkages pivoted using a longitudinally slidable push rod 74.

Restrictor

The restrictor is an implant designed to slow the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach. The illustrated embodiments, the restrictor is positioned in the stomach such that food enters the restrictor through a proximal opening and exits the restrictor through a distal opening. The restrictor and/or openings are proportioned to slow the rate at which food can move into or through the restrictor, and/or from the restrictor into the rest of the stomach.

A preferred restrictor is proportioned to be coupled to anchors that have been coupled to plications in the gastroesophageal junction region of the proximal stomach. In a preferred design, the restrictor 14 includes features that minimize pulling against the anchors when the restrictor encounters stress as a result of food moving through the restrictor and/or movement of the stomach. Minimizing pulling at the anchors is beneficial for minimizing stress on the stomach wall tissue coupled to the anchors. In general, the restrictor 14 is designed to have compliance between the anchor points (i.e., the points at which the implant is coupled to the tissue directly or using the anchors). This compliance may be achieved using the geometry of the restrictor 14 and/or using restrictor materials selected to give compliance between anchor points.

In a first embodiment shown in FIG. 12A, the restrictor 14 is a sleeve having a wall and a plurality of anchor openings 80 formed in the wall. The restrictor wall is an undulating wall defining multiple folds 76 that give it compliance even when molded from a relatively more stiff material (such as 30 shore A silicone). When viewed from the side (see the second embodiment 14 a in FIG. 12B), it can be seen that the proximal edge of the restrictor 14 undulates to define peaks 78 in the profile of the proximal edge. When viewed from the top (FIG. 12A), it can be seen that the circumferential profile of the restrictor also includes peaks 82 extending radially outwardly. These peaks 82 define chutes 84 extending from the proximal peaks 78 towards a distal orifice 86. When the restrictor is implanted, the chutes 84 help to channel ingested material towards the distal orifice 86.

Anchor openings 80 are positioned between the radial peaks 82. These openings may be positioned in the portion of the wall that is at the most radially inward position as on the restrictor 14 a of FIG. 12B, or the undulations in the wall may be such that the openings 80 are in a section of wall that is positioned between some inwardly extending folds 88 as in FIG. 12A (or that, in other words, forms smaller radial peaks 90 than the radial peaks 82).

Openings 80 may be surrounded by reinforced sections 92 formed using thicker regions of silicone, or a stronger material embedded in or attached to the silicone. Additional reinforcements such as ribs 94 a, 94 b may extend from the openings 80 towards the orifice 86 and/or from the proximal peaks 78 towards the orifice 86 and may be formed using similar techniques.

The edge of the wall defining the orifice 86 preferably includes folds or undulations 96, allowing the orifice to be compliant as well. In addition, small holes 98 are arranged around the orifice to allow the restrictor 14 to be coupled to the restrictor guide used to deliver the restrictor into the stomach.

An alternative restrictor 14 b shown in FIG. 12C is similar to the restrictor of FIG. 12A, but is molded to be flat for ease of manufacturing, but assumes its undulating configuration at the folds when coupled to anchors at anchor openings 80.

Yet another alternative restrictor 14 c (FIG. 13) is molded out of highly compliant material (such as 40 shore 00 silicone) to put minimal stress on attached stomach tissue. This embodiment includes a reinforced proximal rim 100.

An additional restrictor 14 d is molded out of a combination of high and low compliance material (such as 50 shore A plus 40 shore 00 silicones) in different areas of the restrictor to achieve optimal performance. A rib structure 94 c (see FIG. 14B) out of stiffer material serves to maintain the restrictor shape in the open position within the stomach. IN this example, rib structure 94 c includes an undulating ring 94 d encircling the orifice 86, and ribs 94 e extending to peaks 78. In this manner, the rib structure 94 c maintains apposition of the restrictor against the wall of the stomach in order to improve the effectiveness of catching food, particularly in the chutes 84. In addition to the stiffer rib structure, the assembled restrictor contains a very soft web 95 of material that forms the funnel shape and also serves to link together the anchor points 80 (see FIG. 14A). The soft compliant nature of the web material minimizes the stress to the plication tissue by allowing full flexibility.

Restrictor Guide Tool

Restrictor guide 20 generally includes a tubular shaft 101, a distal portion comprising a coupling element/mount 102 and a proximal portion 104.

In a preferred restrictor guide, the mount 102 is designed to support the restrictor 14 during delivery of the restrictor into the stomach and coupling of the restrictor 12 to the stomach wall (directly or using anchors or other means as disclosed herein). In the illustrated embodiment, mount 102 includes a collar 103 on the distal end of the shaft 101. A pair of tubes 112 extend distally between the collar 103 and a ring 107. Ring 107 includes a plurality of distally extending pins 106 and a central opening 109. A tube 111 is positioned co-axially with the opening 109. A distal cap 108 is mounted to the distal end of the tube 111. Cap 108 includes an opening positioned in alignment with the opening of the ring 107 and the lumen of the tube 111. Bores 110 in the cap are positioned so that proximal advancement of the cap 108 relative to the ring 107 causes pins 106 to enter the bores 110.

Referring to FIG. 17A, pins 106 are arranged to allow a user to couple the restrictor 14 to the restrictor mount by threading the holes 98 surrounding the orifice in the restrictor 14 over the pins 106 as shown. When the restrictor 14 is mounted in this way, the tube 111 is disposed in the orifice 86 of the restrictor, and the cap 108 is positioned distal to the restrictor. Restrictor 14 is retained on the mount 102 by moving the cap 108 in a proximal direction until bores 110 slide over the pins 106, thus capturing the restrictor 14 between the cap 108 and the ring 107 by preventing the restrictor from sliding off the pins. See FIG. 17B.

Drive rods 112 a (FIG. 16A) extend through the tubes 112 and are coupled at their distal ends to flanges 120 on the proximal end of tube 111. The proximal ends of the drive rods 112 a are advanceable by an actuator at the proximal end of the restrictor guide. Manipulation of the actuator will cause the drive rods 112 a to move distally relative to the tubes 112, causing distal movement of the cap 108 relative to the ring 107. In one current embodiment, rotation of a threaded nut on the proximal handle moves a threaded piece inside the handle that is connected to wires or cables that communicate with the drive rods 112 a. In another embodiment, the drive rods 112 a may be lead screws, and the actuator may include a knob and associated gearing for rotating the lead screws such that they advance the cap 108 distally. Alternatively, the actuator may include a spring that is initially locked in a compressed position using a latch. According to this embodiment, a button or other element is manipulated by the user to disengage the latch, thus releasing the spring from the compressed position to drive the drive rods distally. Other alternatives include pneumatic or hydraulic actuation of the cap 108. In other embodiments, the actuator may be a handle that allows the user to manually advance the drive rods to advance the cap.

Proximal portion 104 of the restrictor guide 20 is a multi-lumen guide having a central lumen 114 through which the tubular shaft 101 extends, and a plurality of peripheral lumens 116 arranged around the central lumen. The peripheral lumens 116 are proportioned to accommodate the anchor graspers 18. Each of the peripheral lumens 116 has a proximal port fitted with a seal (which may be, for example, a duck bill seal) that will seal around the shaft of a grasper 18 positioned in the lumen, and that will self-seal when the grasper 18 is removed from the lumen.

Exemplary Procedure

Use of the system 10 to implant a restrictor 14 will next be described. According to one embodiment, the method is performed following an initial procedure in which a plurality of plications P having cutouts or other openings C are formed. In another embodiment, after each plication is formed, an anchor 12 is implanted in that plication's opening for the dual purpose of marking the location of the plication as well as ensuring that the opening does not close in the natural healing process of the tissue. The anchor implantation procedure may immediately precede restrictor implantation, or may instead be performed in advance of the restrictor implantation procedure to allow reinforcement of the plications through the body's healing process.

In the initial phase of the restrictor implantation procedure, anchors 12 are positioned in the openings of the plications P. Referring to FIG. 19A, the endogastric tube 22 is introduced into the mouth and through the esophagus, and parked with its distal opening in a portion of the stomach or esophagus that is proximal to the plications P. After each plication with opening is created, a multi-lumen (or cannulation) guide tube 24 may be passed through the endogastric tube 22. Multi-lumen guide tube 24 may have a central lumen 24 a and peripheral lumen 24 b in a similar arrangement to the lumen of the restrictor guide 20 (FIG. 18B).

Outside the body, an anchor hand-off 16 is passed through a tool channel of an endoscope 26 such that the anchor engaging wire 48 extends from the endoscope lumen. With the engaging wire in this position, an anchor 12 is coupled to the engaging wire 48, and the endoscope 26, anchor hand-off 16, and anchor 12 are together passed through the central lumen 24 a of the multi-lumen guide tube 24 and into the stomach as shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B. The endoscope 26 is retroflexed within the stomach to provide visualization of the plication P.

Next, an articulating guide 25 is advanced through a peripheral lumen 24 b of the multi-lumen guide tube 24 and into the stomach. An anchor grasper 18 is positioned in the lumen of the guide 25. Under visualization using endoscope 26 (with anchor hand-off 18 retracted so that the anchor is out of view), guide 25 is articulated to orient the grasper 18 towards the opening C in the plication, and the grasper 18 is then advanced through the opening as also shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B. The grasping element 50 of the grasper 18 is moved into the open position.

Referring to FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C, anchor hand-off 16 is advanced further from the endoscope 26 until the head 32 of the anchor is positioned within reach of the grasping element 50. Grasping element 50 is manipulated to engage the head 32. While it is preferable to engage the loop 38 as shown in FIG. 21A, the structure of the head 32 allows for engagement of other portions of the head such as the struts 36 as shown in FIG. 21B, or the ring surrounding the struts 36. Engagement between the anchor and the anchor grasper is secured by moving the grasping element 50 into the locked position. Next, the anchor hand-off is retracted into the endoscope in order to separate it from the anchor grasper. This action results in stretching the anchor stem and thus causing it to release from the horseshoe shaped form. See FIG. 20D. The handle of the anchor grasper 18 is then withdrawn to pull the head 32 of the anchor through the opening C in the plication as in FIG. 20E. As discussed above, application of tension to the head 32 causes the anchor to elongate to a narrow profile that will pass readily through the opening C in the plication. The jaws of the anchor grasper 18 are opened to release the anchor 12. FIG. 20F.

The endoscope 26 and anchor hand-off 16 are withdrawn from the guide tube 24 along with the multiple lumen guide and articulating guide. After another plication is created, the process is repeated for each anchor that is to be implanted. See FIGS. 22A-22C.

As each anchor is implanted, its corresponding anchor grasper is preferably left coupled to the ring of the anchor, although it may instead be withdrawn from the body. At the end of the anchor-positioning phase of the procedure, each anchor is positioned extending through a plication opening (FIG. 22A). If the anchor graspers were left in place coupled to the rings of each anchor, the handles of each separate anchor grasper 18 extend out of the body. Organization of the anchor graspers 18 is maintained by the multi-lumen cannula 24.

If the anchor graspers 18 are not left in place following implantation of the individual anchors 12, the graspers 18 are re-coupled to the anchors prior to the restrictor-positioning phase. Specifically, each of the graspers 18 is reintroduced into the stomach and endoscopically guided by its corresponding articulated guide 25 into engagement with the head 32 of one of the anchors. As discussed in the Anchors section above, orientation of the loop 38 to extend in a direction opposite to the asymmetrical base 28 helps to orient the loop 38 centrally within the stomach so that the loops 38 may be more easily seen and engaged by the graspers 18.

The restrictor-positioning phase of implantation begins with each anchor that is to be coupled to the restrictor having a separate anchor grasper 18 coupled to it. If the multi-lumen guide 24 is still in use at this point, with individual ones of the graspers 18 in the peripheral lumen 24 b, the guide 24 is withdrawn from the endogastric tube 22 and removed from the handles of the anchor graspers. The tapered proximal ends of the anchor graspers 18 allow the lumens 24 b of the guide 24 to pass easily over them. Before the multiple lumen guide is completely removed from the endogastric tube 22, the anchor grasper tool shafts are locked into a tool organizer 130 at the proximal end of the endogastric tube 22 as shown in FIG. 23. Organizer 130 includes slots 132 positioned to receive the shafts of the graspers 18, leaving them arranged around the main lumen 134 of the endogastric tube. This serves to maintain the relative clocking of each grasper at the proximal end to a corresponding anchor location at the distal end.

The restrictor 14 is prepared for implantation by threading anchor openings 80 in the restrictor over the tapered proximal ends of the anchor graspers 18, which at this point are still extending out of the endogastric tube 22. FIG. 24A. The restrictor 14 is mounted to the mount 102 of the restrictor guide 20 in the manner disclosed in the Restrictor Guide section above. This step may be performed before or after the restrictor is threaded over the anchor graspers.

Next, the restrictor guide 20 is advanced over the tapered proximal ends of the anchor graspers 18, which are still extending out of the endogastric tube 22. The restrictor guide 20 is positioned so that each of its peripheral lumens 116 advances over a separate one of the anchor graspers 18. FIG. 24B. Continued distal advancement of the guide 20 advances the guide 20 and restrictor 14 through the endogastric tube 22 and into the stomach.

In a final step, the anchors 12 are pulled through the anchor openings 80 to couple the restrictor 14 to the anchors 12. In this step, distally-oriented pressure is applied to the restrictor guide 20 while the anchor graspers 18 are one-by-one pulled proximally, causing the anchors 12 to elongate sufficiently to pass through the openings 90. Coupling between each anchor and its corresponding opening 80 is confirmed visually and/or by tactile feedback reflecting the “pop” of the anchor moving through the opening 80. Once the restrictor 14 has been coupled to the anchors 12, the cap 108 of the restrictor guide 20 is advanced distally to release the restrictor as described in the Restrictor Guide section above. The anchor graspers 18 are unlocked and separated from the anchors. The restrictor guide 20, anchor graspers 18, guides, etc. are withdrawn from the body, leaving the restrictor 14 and anchors 12 in place as shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B.

The system of FIG. 3 may additionally include one or more tools for use in forming plications in the stomach wall tissue and for forming holes in the plicated tissue. Examples of such plicators are found in the following co-pending U.S. patent applications: U.S. Publication No. US 2007/0219571 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC PLICATION DEVICES AND METHOD), filed Oct. 3, 2006, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/900,757 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC PLICATION DEVICE AND METHOD), filed Sep. 13, 2007, and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/050,169 (entitled ENDOSCOPIC STAPLING DEVICES AND METHODS), filed Mar. 18, 2008.

Use of one such tool is generally illustrated in FIGS. 26A-26D and includes drawing stomach wall tissue into a vacuum chamber of a plication head (FIG. 26A), compressing the tissue (FIG. 26B), advancing fasteners such as staples through the compressed tissue and forming a cut or hole in the compressed tissue (FIG. 26C), and releasing the tissue from the plication tool, leaving the plication with a hole or cut out through the plicated tissue. In one staple arrangement, a pair of annular staple patterns encircle the cut/hole. Anchors can be subsequently positioned within the hole/cutout as disclosed above.

Although the disclosed system has been described in the context of implanting a restrictor implants implantable in the stomach for limiting limit intake of food by the patient, the systems and methods may be used to implant other types of implants for a variety of purposes. These implants include, but are not limited to obstructive gastric implants that obstruct flow of food into the stomach, gastric space occupiers for limiting effective stomach volume, prosthetic valves for the treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, gastric stimulators, pH monitors and drug eluting devices that release drugs, biologics or cells into the stomach or elsewhere in the GI tract. Such drug eluting devices might include those which release leptin (a hormone which creates feelings of satiety), Ghrelin (a hormone which creates feelings of hunger), octreotide (which reduces Ghrelin levels and thus reduces hunger), Insulin, chemotherapeutic agents, natural biologics (e.g., growth factor, cytokines) which aid in post surgery trauma, ulcers, lacerations, etc. Still other implants might be of a type which might provide a platform to which specific cell types can adhere, grow and provide biologically-active gene products to the GI tract, and/or a platform for radiation sources that can provide a local source of radiation for therapeutic purposes, or provide a platform whereby diagnostic ligands are immobilized and used to sample the GI tract for evidence of specific normal or pathological conditions, or provide an anchor point for imaging the GI tract via cameras and other image collecting devices. Additionally, the disclosed anchors and restrictors are shown positioned and anchored near the gastro-esophageal junction region of the proximal stomach, but may be positioned and/or anchored elsewhere in the stomach or GI system.

It should also be recognized that a number of variations of the above-identified embodiments will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by those specific embodiments and methods of the present invention shown and described herein. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.

Any and all patents and patent applications referred to herein, including for purposes of priority, are incorporated herein by reference. 

1. A method of coupling an implant to tissue having an opening formed therein, the method comprising: providing an anchor having a head and a base; drawing the head through the opening in the tissue to position the head on a first side of the plication and the base on a second side of the plication, and coupling an implant to the anchor.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes, after drawing the head through the opening, expanding the head to a diameter larger than the diameter of the opening.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein drawing the head deforms the head for passage through the opening, an wherein expanding the head includes allowing the head to assume the larger diameter.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the method includes: coupling the anchor to a first tool; advancing the first tool into a body cavity; advancing a second tool into the body cavity and passing the second tool through the opening; after passing the second tool through the opening, engaging the anchor using the second tool; withdrawing the second tool from the opening to draw the head through the opening; and releasing the anchor from the first tool.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein coupling the implant to the anchor includes passing the implant over the second tool and over the head.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the method includes coupling a tool to the head, and wherein coupling an implant to the anchor includes, with the tool coupled to the head and with a portion of the anchor disposed in the tissue opening, advancing the implant over the tool and into engagement with the anchor.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the implant includes an opening, and wherein advancing the implant over the tool and into engagement with the anchor includes threading the opening of the implant onto the tool and advancing the implant over the tool and the head.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein coupling the implant to the anchor includes coupling the implant to the anchor after drawing the head through the tissue opening.
 9. The method of claim 4, wherein advancing the first tool into the body cavity includes advancing the first tool with the anchor thereon into the body cavity.
 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the anchor is coupled to the first tool after the first tool is advanced into the body cavity.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the method includes providing a plurality of the anchors and drawing the heads of the plurality of the anchors through a plurality of tissue openings, coupling a plurality of tools to the heads of the plurality of anchors, and advancing the implant over the plurality of tools and into engagement with the anchors.
 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the tissue opening is in a plication extending from a tissue wall and wherein: providing the anchor includes providing the head to include a laterally-extending loop the method further includes positioning the anchor within the tissue opening such that the loop extends generally away from the most proximate second of the tissue wall.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: providing the anchor further includes providing the base to include a first edge having a first curvature and a second edge having a second, flatter curvature, the loop extending laterally in a direction opposite to the second edge of the base, and positioning the anchor includes positioning the anchor with the second edge in contact with the wall to cause the loop to extend generally away from the most proximate section of the tissue wall.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the tissue opening is in a plication in a stomach wall, and wherein positioning the anchor includes transorally introducing the anchor into the stomach and positioning the anchor with the second edge in contact with the interior wall of the stomach.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the tissue opening is in a plication in a stomach wall, and wherein the method includes introducing the anchor and the implant transorally into the stomach.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method is further for forming the opening in the tissue structure, and further includes: forming a plication in the wall of the stomach; forming an opening in the plication.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the method includes introducing a plication tool transorally into the stomach and forming the plication with the plication tool.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the method includes forming the opening in the plication with the plication tool.
 19. A medical implant system for coupling an implant to an opening formed in body tissue, comprising: an anchor comprising a head coupled to a base, the head having a first, natural, position in which the head has a diameter larger than a diameter of the opening, and a second, elongated, position in which the head is deformed for passage through the opening; and an implant having an opening, the opening of the implant proportioned to allow passage of the head when the head is in the second position, and to resist passage of the head when the head is in the first position.
 20. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the anchor head is moveable from the first position to the second position in response to application of tension in a generally longitudinal direction between the head and the base.
 21. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the anchor head is moveable to a third position in response to application of tension to the head in a generally transverse direction, wherein in the third position the head is proportioned to resist passage through the opening.
 22. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the head is more elastic than the base.
 23. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the anchor includes a stem extending between the head and the base.
 24. The medical implant system of claim 23, wherein the stem is more elastic than the base.
 25. The medical implant of claim 23, wherein the head includes a ring coupled to the stem.
 26. The medical implant system of claim 25, wherein the ring has an undulating surface.
 27. The medical implant system of claim 25, wherein the head includes a loop extending laterally from the ring.
 28. The medical implant system of claim 23, wherein at least one of the head and the base is asymmetrical relative to the longitudinal axis of the stem.
 29. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the head includes a laterally-extending loop.
 30. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the base has a first edge having a first curvature and a second edge having a second, flatter curvature.
 31. The medical implant system of claim 29, wherein the head has a loop extending laterally in a direction opposite to the second edge of the base.
 32. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the body cavity is a stomach and the opening is in stomach tissue and wherein the system further includes a tool proportioned for transoral insertion into the body cavity and for extension through the opening in the stomach tissue, the tool engageable with the head to deform the head into the second position, the opening of the implant slidable over the tool through an oral cavity into position within the stomach.
 33. The medical implant system of claim 32, wherein the head includes a loop and wherein the tool is engageable with the loop.
 34. The medical implant system of claim 33, wherein the tool includes a jaw having an open position and a closed position.
 35. The medical implant system of claim 32, wherein: the system includes a plurality of the anchors; the implant includes a plurality of openings; and the system includes a plurality of tools each transorally insertable into the stomach and extendable through separate openings formed in stomach tissue, each tool engageable with the head of a corresponding one of the anchors to deform the head into the second position, the opening of the implant slidable over the plurality of tools into engagement with the anchors.
 36. The medical implant system of claim 32, wherein the system is further for forming the opening in the stomach tissue, and wherein the system further includes a plication tool and a tissue cutting element, wherein the anchor is positionable within an opening formed by the tissue cutting element in a plication formed by the plication tool.
 37. The medical implant system of claim 36, wherein the tissue cutting element is on the plication tool.
 38. The medical implant system of claim 37, wherein the plication tool includes a plurality of staples advanceable through tissue for forming a plication.
 39. The medical implant system of claim 19, wherein the implant comprises a wall bounding an interior, and wherein the opening is formed in the wall.
 40. The medical implant system of claim 39, wherein the implant is a flow-restrictive implant proportioned for implantation within a stomach having the tissue opening formed in tissue of the stomach.
 41. The medical implant system of claim 35, further including: an implant pusher having at least one engaging pin on a distal portion of the implant pusher, the implant pusher proportioned for transoral advancement into the stomach with the implant coupled to the engaging pin.
 42. The medical implant system of claim 32, further including instructions for use instructing the user to implant the anchor and implant according to the following steps: coupling the anchor to the tool; transorally advancing the tool into the stomach; advancing a second tool into the stomach and passing the second tool through the tissue opening; after passing the second tool through the opening, engaging the anchor using the second tool; withdrawing the second tool from the opening to draw the head through the opening; releasing the anchor from the first tool; and passing the implant over the second tool and over the head.
 43. A restrictive stomach implant, comprising: a wall including a plurality of anchor points and compliant sections between the anchor points.
 44. The restrictive stomach implant of claim 43, wherein the compliant sections include at least one fold positioned between each pair of anchor points.
 45. The restrictive stomach implant of claim 43, wherein the wall is formed of first regions of a first material and second regions of a second material, the first regions more compliant than the second regions.
 46. The restrictive implant of claim 45, wherein the wall is formed of the first material, and wherein the second regions include sections of the second material positioned on the first material.
 47. The restrictive implant of claim 46, wherein the sections of second material include longitudinal ribs.
 48. The restrictive implant of claim 45, wherein the wall includes a distal orifice, and wherein the sections of second material include a ring of second material encircling the distal orifice.
 49. The restrictive implant of claim 43, wherein the wall defines a sleeve having a proximal edge, the proximal edge including proximally extending peaks.
 50. The restrictive implant of claim 49, wherein the peaks define chutes for directing ingested food material from a proximal portion of the implant towards a distal portion of the implant.
 51. The restrictive implant of claim 43, wherein the wall includes a distal orifice defined by an edge, wherein the edge includes a plurality of folds.
 52. The restrictive implant of claim 43, wherein the anchor points comprise a plurality of anchor openings formed in the wall.
 53. The restrictive implant of claim 52, wherein each of the anchor openings includes a circumferential reinforcement.
 54. A medical implant system for use in a patient comprising: an anchor configured to be coupled to tissue within a body cavity; a first tool having a proximal portion, a distal portion, and a shaft between the proximal and distal portions, the distal portion including a coupling element operable to couple the first tool to the anchor, the first tool proportioned such that when the coupling element is coupled to the anchor within the body cavity, the proximal portion of the first tool extends out of the patient; and an implant having an opening proportioned to slide over the shaft and distal end of the first tool and into engagement with the anchor.
 55. The medical implant system according to claim 54 wherein the opening and the first tool are proportioned to allow the opening to slide over a proximal tip of the first tool.
 56. The medical implant system according to claim 55, wherein the proximal tip is tapered in a proximal direction.
 57. The medical implant system according to claim 54, further including a second tool having a distal end with a coupling element adapted to be detachably coupled to the implant, the implant opening slidable over the shaft of the first tool when the implant is coupled to the coupling element of the second tool, the second tool proportioned such that a proximal end of the second tool remains outside the patient during advancement of the implant over the distal end of the first tool and into engagement with the anchor within the body cavity.
 58. The medical implant system according to claim 57, wherein the coupling element of the second tool includes at least one longitudinally-extending pin extendable through a portion of the implant.
 59. The medical implant system according to claim 58, wherein the pin includes a free distal end, and wherein the coupling element further includes a distal containment element positioned such that relative movement of the free distal end of the pin and the distal containment element towards one another to a first position prevents detachment of the implant from the pin, and such that relative movement of the free distal end of the pin away from one another to a second position exposes the pin to allow detachment of the implant from the pin.
 60. The medical implant system according to claim 59, wherein the coupling element of the second tool includes a plurality of longitudinally-extendable pins extendable through the implant, and wherein in the second position the distal containment element is positioned to detachment of the implant from the plurality of pins.
 61. The medical implant system according to claim 60, wherein the implant includes a base, a wall coupled to the base and surrounding an interior, a first opening in the base, and a plurality of second openings surrounding the exit port, and wherein the plurality of pins are positionable within the plurality of second openings, with a shaft of the second tool extending through the exit port. 